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Eye Atlas
eye health guide

Eyes and vision: symptoms, diagnoses and treatment, explained clearly

Dry eyes, nearsightedness, cataracts, glaucoma, floaters, red eye — a calm walkthrough without scare tactics or advertising. When you shouldn’t wait, which doctor to see, and which treatments actually work.

Sudden drop in vision, flashes with a curtain, severe eye pain — see a doctor today

How eye disease changes vision

NormalCataractSimulation

A clouding lens scatters light: the picture turns dim, yellowish and low in contrast, and bright light dazzles.

Drag the divider to compareOpen in the vision builder
Full topic: Cataract

Find by symptom

What’s bothering you

Pick whatever comes closest to what you’re experiencing — it opens a section that goes through the possible causes.

Topics

Topics on a map of the eye

Every problem lives in its own part of the eye. Hover over a topic and the diagram shows where it happens.

Interactive

See it for yourself

How a diseased eye sees, what the instruments in the exam room show, and what happens during surgery — shown in models, not just described.

Vision builder
Snowshimmerastigmatismhalos

Vision builder

Recreate how you see — halos around headlights, visual snow, blind spots, double vision — and copy a description for your doctor.

Diagnostics lab
11instruments14cases

Diagnostics lab

Ultrasound, OCT, perimetry, slit lamp, tonometry — take the doctor’s seat and work through real clinical cases.

Enter the lab

Surgery models

Step by step, with the surgeon’s instruments and different clinical cases.

Vision tests

Check yourself in a couple of minutes

Simplified versions of checks from the doctor’s office, right on your screen. Not a diagnosis, but a reason to book an exam in time.

Prevention

How often to get your eyes checked

Guidelines for people without complaints. With symptoms, eye disease or on your doctor’s advice — more often.

  1. Children

    before school, then every year

    018 years

    Checks for visual acuity and strabismus; with nearsightedness, follow-up every 6–12 months.

  2. Ages 18–39

    every 2–5 years

    1840 years

    If you have no complaints or eye conditions. Contact lens wearers — every year.

  3. Ages 40–64

    every 1–3 years

    4065 years

    A baseline exam at 40: eye pressure, optic nerve, retina. Age-related farsightedness begins.

  4. 65+

    every 1–2 years

    6590+ years

    The risk of cataracts, glaucoma and AMD rises — many of them cause no symptoms for a long time.

One dot — one routine eye exam

Your own schedule

Diabetes — every year

A dilated retinal exam or retinal photos — regardless of how well you see.

High myopia, glaucoma in the family — on your doctor’s schedule

Retinal periphery, eye pressure and optic nerve — more often and earlier than for everyone else.

Who’s who

Which specialist to see

You almost always start with an ophthalmologist or an optometrist. Subspecialists get involved once the diagnosis is clear.

  1. Start here

    Optometrist

    Glasses and contact lens prescriptions, routine vision checks

    • Checks visual acuity and refraction, prescribes glasses and contact lenses
    • Spots signs of disease and refers you to an ophthalmologist
    • Doesn’t make medical diagnoses or treat diseases (scope of practice varies by country)

    Ophthalmologist

    Any complaint beyond a simple glasses prescription, and regular exams after 40

    • Examines every part of the eye, including the retina with a dilated pupil
    • Measures eye pressure, makes the diagnosis and prescribes treatment
    • Refers you to a subspecialist or for surgery
  2. SubspecialistsBy referral

    • Retina specialistFloaters with flashes, AMD, diabetic retinopathy, retinal tears and detachment
      • OCT, angiography, retinal laser photocoagulation
      • Anti-VEGF injections for wet AMD and macular edema
      • A vitreoretinal surgeon performs vitrectomy
    • Glaucoma specialistHigh eye pressure, suspected glaucoma, a narrow angle
      • Visual field testing, OCT of the optic nerve, gonioscopy
      • Choosing eye drops, SLT laser and iridotomy, glaucoma surgery
    • Cataract and refractive surgeonCataracts, wanting to stop wearing glasses
      • Lens replacement with IOL selection
      • LASIK, SMILE, PRK, phakic lenses
    • Cornea specialistSevere dry eye, keratoconus, keratitis, corneal dystrophies
      • Ocular surface treatment, cross-linking
      • Corneal transplant
    • Pediatric ophthalmologistChildren’s vision, strabismus (crossed eyes), progressive nearsightedness
      • Cycloplegic refraction, amblyopia treatment
      • Myopia control: atropine, special glasses and lenses
    • Neuro-ophthalmologistSudden double vision, visual field loss, optic disc swelling
      • Looks for the cause in the optic nerve and brain
      • Works together with a neurologist

Myths

Myth or fact?

Pick an answer — the card flips to show what’s actually true.

Guessed right: 0 of 0

  • Is it true that carrots and blueberries improve your eyesight?

    What do you think?

    Myth

    No. Vitamin A matters if you are truly deficient, but in well-fed people carrots and blueberries don’t improve vision. The only proven supplement is the AREDS2 formula for intermediate macular degeneration.

  • Do eye exercises help?

    What do you think?

    Myth

    They don’t fix nearsightedness, astigmatism or cataracts. Screen breaks relieve eye strain, and special exercises are only needed for diagnosed eye convergence problems.

  • Does time outdoors protect children from nearsightedness?

    What do you think?

    Fact

    Yes. Children who spend more time outside in daylight are less likely to become nearsighted — around two hours a day is a good target. Once nearsightedness has started, outdoor time has a weaker effect.

  • Is it bad to read in the dark or sit close to the TV?

    What do you think?

    Myth

    In adults it causes eye strain but doesn’t damage the eyes. In children, lots of close-up time and little time outdoors is linked to developing nearsightedness.

  • Do I need blue light glasses?

    What do you think?

    Myth

    There’s no evidence that they reduce eye strain or protect the retina. Breaks, the right prescription and adjusting screen brightness do more good.

  • Can I check my vision online?

    What do you think?

    Partly

    An online test can show that something is off with your vision, but it doesn’t replace an exam: eye pressure, the optic nerve and the retina can only be checked in person.

  • Do screens ruin your eyesight?

    What do you think?

    Partly

    Screens don’t damage the eyes, but they tire them: we blink less and hold focus up close for a long time — hence dryness and fatigue by evening. The 20-20-20 rule and the right glasses help.

  • Do sunglasses really matter?

    What do you think?

    Fact

    Yes. Ultraviolet light is linked to cataracts, pterygium and corneal sunburn. Choose sunglasses labeled UV400 or 100% UV protection; the color of the lenses has nothing to do with it.

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